The Hurricane :: essays research papers

Lyrical Analysis PresentationOn July 17, 1966, in Paterson, NJ, Rubin Hurricane Carter was contending for the heavyweight boxing title, when, one night, he was pulled over and suspected of a murder. There was no evidence or witnesses to prove the Hurricane unlawful, but the cops needed somebody to blame so they fixed the trial, and Rubin received the short end of the stick. He was put external for life for a crime he didnt commit. This is a true story. The song was written by Bob Dylan to bring Rubins situation to the public. Rubin Carter was a stark man so many people, including judges and cops, just turned their head. The Hurricanes verdict was changed after nineteen years in prison. He is at a time trying to live the life that was taken from him. Dylans song, The Hurricane explains how Rubin Carter was proven innocent, but found guilty. Shots were fired, and a triple murder was committed. Two people were at the scene, cake Valentine and a man, but there were no witnesses. The man next to the bodies said, I was only robbin the register, I hope you understand. Somehow this burglar is not suspected of the murder.The bout one contender for the heavyweight title is not even near the shootings. It says Meanwhile, far away in another part of town, Rubin and a couple of friends ar drivn around. But he was pulled over anyway just like the before and the time before that. In Paterson, thats just the way things go. If youre black you might as well not show up on the street less you wanna draw the heat. People were very racist back then, and and then a black man was always suspected before a white man.The police are at the scene gathering information. The burglar and his partner in crime said they saw two middleweights running, and Patty Valentine agreed with them. A cop sees that the barmans not dead, and though this man could hardly see they told him he could identify the guilty man. The cops have to find a person to blame, and even though it doesnt say it i n the song, Rubin has had trouble with the Chief of Police when he was younger.Rubin is hauled to the hospital, so that the bartender could identify him. The wounded man looks up through his one dyin eye, says, whad you bring him in here for?

Inclusive Herbaria :: Botany

Inclusive HerbariaIN the earliest days of Systematics more attention was pay to cultivated plants and weeds than to wild species. The great herbals of the sixteenth century were largely given over to field and garden crops and everyday weeds. Until well after the cadence of Linnaeus, taxonomists included both cultivated plants and wild species in their botanical gardens, in their herbaria and in their writings. Only by slow degrees was there general recognition that the methods which be so effective for the bulk of the worlds flora do not yield results of comparable efficiency when applied to cultivated plants and weeds. This perception came into being so gradually, that taxonomy as a whole drifted into its present position without any one taxonomist being aware of the drift and with only a few lone workers (Oakes Ames, L. H. Bailey, O. Stapf, D. Chatterjee) attempting to armed combat against the current. We now find ourselves in an anomalous position. Ninety-nine per cent of ta xonomic effort is devoted to the plants least interesting and least master(prenominal) to man. Surely matters are out of balance when in many of the worlds great herbaria there is not a single taxonomist who is devoting himself to the classification of cultivated plants and when the taxonomy of many of the worlds most important genera (Phaseolus, Coffea, Brassica, Cinchona, Hevea, etc.) is so imperfect as to be of little practical use. The gradual decision of orthodox taxonomists to avoid the classification of cultivated plants wherever possible was in the first place sound. Wild species could efficiently be understood by their methods cultigens could not. Since the reading of the so-called New Systematics such avoidance is no longer necessary. The special methods of this modern development in taxonomy are as useful in working out the complicated interrelationships of cultivated plants as they are in determining the course of ontogenesis in natural populations. While it is usual ly assumed that the New Systematics derived its newness from the introduction of such techniques as cytology and pedigree culture from the experimental sciences, it would be more right to ascribe the change to new attitudes. The old taxonomy was satisfied if it discriminated between species the new, desired to illuminate them as well. It wanted to know not only to which pigeonhole individually entity belonged, but what kind of an entity it was. Was it diploid or polyploid, or did it include both diploid and polyploid races?

Jacque Onassis :: essays research papers fc

JACQUELINE LEE BOUVIER KENNEDY ONASSISJackie Kennedy will always be remembered for her courage after her husbands death. hardly a(prenominal) people know what her life was actually like. In this paper I hope to inform you about the good and bad times of Jackies considerable and at some times treacherous life. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was born(p) July 28, 1929. She was the oldest of two daughters born to Janet and Jack Bouvier . She grew up with her parents fighting constantly. Only months after her sister was born her parents got a divorce. Most of her classmates and teachers thought that the divorce was the reason Jackie acted up in class. Her mother said it was because Jackie finished all her work before the other children and she undecomposed got bored. In 1942, when she was thirteen, her mother married Hugh Auchincloss. Jackie divided her time between her fathers home, Merrywood and McLean, Virginia where her mother lived. Jackies junior year of high school she persuade her mother and stepfather to let her study in France for the year. They agreed and soon four of her classmates and her were on their way to France. When in France Jackie found a sack out for foreign countries that would tending in the future. When Jackie came home she found out that she had won a photography contest for Vogue magazine. She was invited to work as a photographer for the magazine. Her stepfather thought it was a bad idea and talked her out of it. After Jackie graduated from high school she went to George Washington University where she studied photography. After she graduated her stepfather got her a photography job for a newspaper in New York. Not long after she started she convinced her boss to also let her write columns. In 1942 Jackie met and fell in love with ass Husted. They soon got engaged, but her friends and family were skeptical. They thought that Jackie and John didnt share anything in common. They convinced Jackie to call off the engagement. After she called off her engagement Jackie met John F. Kennedy who was running for senator of Massachusetts. In April of 1953 John was sworn-in as senator. As time went on Jackie and Johns relationship grew and on June 24, 1953 John proposed.On September 12, 1953 the fit were married in Newport, Rhode Island. As Jackie took on the role of senators wife she found herself attending many banquets and balls.

My Philosophy on Education Essay example -- Teaching Philosophy Educat

My Philosophy on EducationMy philosophy on education is based on the concept of overlap. Obviously, the most common form of sharing in education is the sharing of knowledge that occurs between a teacher and her students. Although I feel that this type of sharing is crucial, there are many otherwise forms of sharing in education that I value extremely. The sharing of ideas amongst students is another necessary form of sharing in the area of education. I have seen primary how effective students teaching students can be. When an educator uses this type of sharing as a way of enforcing a lesson, she is making the process of learning much easier and more than powerful. In addition, some students who have difficulty comprehending a teachers lesson may understand a fellow students slightly distinguishable approach to a concept. Another aspect of sharing that I personally find difficult is the sharing of time. It is clear that a teacher must utilise hours inside and outside the classro om to be an excellent educator. On the other hand, students must also give an impresive amount of time to fully participate in the education experience. Parents also fit into this area of sharing, most children need parental attention in order to grow and develop properly. I find it incredibly frustrating when I hear about parents who are too busy with work and other activities to spend quality time with their children, but when their child starts to do poorly in school they immediately start blaming othe...

Animal Belief :: Philosophy Language Papers

Animal BeliefIf Mary believes a bone is on the lawn, then she literally believes that, though her teaching may be mistaken. But, if her pet Fido rushes up to what is in fact a bit of bone-shaped plastic, then Fido does not believe that there is a bone on the lawn. However, the best explanation for Fidos behavior may be that he initially believed there was a bone on the lawn. Unless we are methodological or analytical behaviorists, the claim that we stomach best explain the behavior of irksome animals by treating them as if they literally held beliefs (and desires) subject to various rationality constraints is hardly surprising. I argue that this instrumentalism does not support the realist view that understood animals are literally to be credited with beliefs. In particular, I focus on Davidsons demarcation that a creature can have beliefs only if it can be the interpreter of the speech of another. Davidsons argument, which has not won wide acceptance, is the most insidious exa mination to date of the relation between belief and language. I examine the premises of his argument, indicate two major criticisms, and attempt to defend his conclusion that dumb animals lack beliefs by adducing supporting arguments. This paper is concerned with the problem of whether non-language-using creatures literally have beliefs, rather than with the question as to whether it is predictively useful to ascribe beliefs to them. The cause to this latter question is plainly in the affirmative. The issue of belief-attribution to dumb animals is a narrow form of a more general problem, the problem of whether dumb animals can literally be credited with thoughts. Still, it is reasonable to focus on the case of belief since it lies, as it were, at the centre of the cognitive domain. The attribution of any wise to(p) state, such as desire, regret, hope and so on, to a creature presupposes the attribution of belief to that creature.ILike many other philosophers, I will the boot off with a brief discussion of Descartes views which many find wildly implausible. Descartes believed that dumb animals could not be credited with beliefs because he thought they were mindless machines dumb animals behave as if they feel fear, as if they believe various things, etc., but the truth is that all of the cases where we are inclined to ascribe psychological states to them, can be redescribed solely in terms of internal physiological processes set in motion by mechanical causation.

Animal Belief :: Philosophy Language Papers

Animal BeliefIf Mary believes a bone is on the lawn, then she literally believes that, though her belief may be mistaken. But, if her ducky Fido rushes up to what is in fact a bit of bone-shaped plastic, then Fido does not believe that there is a bone on the lawn. However, the best explanation for Fidos behavior may be that he initially believed there was a bone on the lawn. Unless we are methodological or analytical behaviorists, the claim that we bed best explain the behavior of dumb animals by treating them as if they literally held beliefs (and desires) subject to various rationality constraints is hardly surprising. I argue that this instrumentalism does not assume the realist view that dumb animals are literally to be attribute with beliefs. In particular, I focus on Davidsons argument that a creature green goddess have beliefs only if it can be the interpreter of the speech of another. Davidsons argument, which has not won wide acceptance, is the most subtle examination t o date of the sex act between belief and language. I examine the premises of his argument, indicate two major criticisms, and attempt to defend his conclusion that dumb animals lack beliefs by evidence supporting arguments. This paper is concerned with the problem of whether non-language-using creatures literally have beliefs, rather than with the question as to whether it is predictively useful to ascribe beliefs to them. The answer to this latter question is just in the affirmative. The issue of belief-attribution to dumb animals is a narrow form of a more general problem, the problem of whether dumb animals can literally be credited with thoughts. Still, it is reasonable to focus on the case of belief since it lies, as it were, at the centre of the cognitive domain. The attribution of any intentional state, such as desire, regret, want and so on, to a creature presupposes the attribution of belief to that creature.ILike many other philosophers, I will kick off with a truncat ed discussion of Descartes views which many find wildly implausible. Descartes believed that dumb animals could not be credited with beliefs because he thought they were mindless machines dumb animals behave as if they face fear, as if they believe various things, etc., but the truth is that all of the cases where we are inclined to ascribe psychological states to them, can be redescribed solely in ground of internal physiological processes set in motion by mechanical causation.

ACC cements Company Essay

ACC was among the first Indian companies to come automation of nurture technology. We started computerizing our systems as archeozoic as 1968 a commitment to progress through the harnessing of relevant available technologies, a practice that continues even today.We have traveled a long way from our early days when we were using simple keypunching machines. Significant improvements have been made in application systems and infrastructure since then from Batch processing to on-line systems, from IBM 1401 and data universal system to the latest Linux/UNIX and Windows 2003 based machines. We have made timely transitions determined by available technologies and business requirements.In February 2007 the ships partnership made a quantum grow from in-house developed systems using Oracle 9i and Developer 6i to an ERP (SAP) based solution. This decision was based solely on our strategic objectives and the business benefits that we expect to derive from implementing such a solution. With this chance on we also aligned people, business processes and technologies across the country.The Company has an Intranet Portal called Accelerate which is dedicated to employees. The portals content is based on Personal information relating to Human Resource matters, Performance Management, as well as other information of use to employees such as the latest news on company affairs, developments on sustainable development, house magazines and newsletters.Being a large organization with a countrywide network of manufacturing, marketing and R&D centers, we have invested in the creation of a comprehensive infrastructure that allows free flow of information across the organization. This enables almost instant communication between all levels in the organization. A hybrid WAN network connects each of our 275 plus locations. A judicious mix of VSAT and VPN links ensure adequate connectivity between these locations. Each manufacturing location has a well designed LAN to meet its need s.IT in ACC is well placed to master future expansions of our core businesses.DID YOU KNOW ?_Patni Computer Systems installed Indias first Data General computer in ACC in 1978 and deployed a team of their best employees to manage it. The team comprised the legendary Narayanamurthy, then among the earliest employees of PCS. They were prone an office in Cement House. Later when he and others from PCS established Infosys Technologies in Bangalore 1981, ACC was among their first customers._Cement major ACCs Tikaria plant in Sultanpur has become the first unit of the company to implement an innovative logistics management course of study called Speed which is aimed at enhancing productivity, increasing efficiencies and save time, fuel costs as well as enviornment.The success of the program at the 2.6 million tonne Tikaria plant has led to the company adopting the programe at its two more cementum units in West Bengal and Karnataka and hopes to get under ones skin all 16 plants ofACC u nder the Speed fold in about two years time.Speed is essentially a logistics and supply chain management project which is a major part of any cement plant with hundreds of heavy duty trucks bringing in raw material and picking up cement for pull ahead distribution in the market.Director, Logistics-North, ACC Ltd, Deepak Gulati, said at any given point of time our Tikaria plant had atleast 500-600 trucks lined up for uploading cement. The efficient management of this huge go by on a daily basis was a major concern. After studying various logistics projects abroad we evolved our very own program called Speed and in a flash besides redeeming(a) costs which results in cheaper product to customers, we have better functioning among drivers, truck owners, customers and ACC employees. Delivery timelines atomic number 18 also efficiently adhered to with this project.He said that while earlier 500 odd trucks used to be parked outside the plant gates waiting for their turn almost one hund red ten trucks were lined up inside theplant for uploading cement, which became a big task to handle.But now due to effective adoption of Speed there are only 27 trucks inside the plant at any point of time and only 200 trucks outside. ACCs Tikaria plant engages nearly 4,000 trucks for this exercise. Due to the quicken enterprise the tonnage per truck has increased increasing productivity and is time saving thus allowing trucks to make more trips to the plant in the same given time.ACC has also deployed Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) and Global Positioning System (GPS) in all vehicles for effective tracking of vehicles and keeping in continuous contact with drivers.Inward and outward transportation forms a significant share of ACCs overall costs and the Speed initiative has allowed about 5% saving in costs. With 30 million tonnes cement moved across the country by various ACC plants which engage about 12,000 heavy duty vehicles the savings from this initiative can b e huge when adopted across all plants said Director ACC Tikaria Plant, N Keshav.Tikaria was the first cement plant in the country to adopt such a logistics project and would soon take it to all 16 plants of the country said, Director-Logistics, Tushar Dave. He said that the program has also led to manpower skill and drivers find it more convenient and comfortable to do their duty.Acc to hinduACC Ltd. has embarked on an initiative to improve the efficiency of its supply chain, which include 10,000 trucks that carry cement from its plants to gross revenue outlets across the country.Transportation costs account for 35 per cent of the total sale price of cement and ACC, the subsidiary of Swiss cement major Holcim, hopes to bring waste this cost by 4 to 6 per cent. ACC has deployed radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies to radically change the way cement is supplied to the market.RFID has been deployed at its cement plants in Tikaria (Utta r Pradesh), Damodhar (West Bengal) and Thondebhavi (Karnataka). Over 400 trucks have been GPS-enabled so far. Within two years, 10,000 trucks and all plants would have GPS and RFID. This project, which is in its pilot stage, has yielded satisfactory results, and a veteran logistics passkey has been hired to spearhead the initiative.Considering the huge costs involved in road transport, as well as to address the issue of time and asset efficiency, we embarked on a new journey 12 months back. Through automated and technology-enabled process we have improved the asset utilization in road logistics, said Tushar Rameshchandra Dave, Vice-President, important Logistics, ACC.He said RFID and GPS would together increase the utilization of assets (trucks) which, in turn, would lead to freight savings and optimization of resources.Fixed costs of trucks will go down as the same number of trucks can now ship more cement in lesser time. A truck that was doing up to 4000 kms a month can now do 6000 kms. Apart from financial benefits, it will help in curbing pollution, Mr Dave said.There is an increase in evacuation of 15-20 per cent and progression of service levels up to 40-50 per cent, he added. With RFID, a truck that was taking 220 minutes to drive from the entrance to the exit gate of a plant, is now doing it in 75 minutes.RFID tracks the historical data of a truck and the time taken to go from the entrance to the exit gate of the plant. It is also helps in tracking the non-value added time. GPS, however, tracks the movement of a truck once it is outside the plant. RFID and GPS together are ensuring better visibility of trucks and helping in complete transparency of operations, Mr Dave said.

Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb Essay

Coleman already knew one thing for sure about his future, and that was that he wanted to make educating children his lifes work. Coleman k immediatelying about the lack of educational decrees in Florida decided to take the opportunity to advantage, by writing to Governor William D. Bloxham asking for a sum of $20,000 minimum appropriation to start a train for the deaf and trick. Colemans hopes came true when in 1883 Floridas legislature establishes an institution for blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000.The location of the direct was prescribe to a biding between the towns in Florida. Captain Edward E. Vaill offered St. Augustine the monolithicgest bid of $1,000 and 5 acres. The original three wood buildings were erected by contractor William A. MacDuff at $12,749. The school was completed in December 1884. The first class entered in 1892 with 62 students. The two first graduates were both deaf, their names were Artemas W. Pope of St. Augustine and Cora Carlton of Is land Grove. The two later married and became parents of Florida Senator Verle A. Pope.The first blind student graduated in 1908. The first African American graduates were Louise Jones a blind student in 1914, and Cary White a deaf student in 1925. The school originally only had 5 trustees in 1905, until 1963 were there were 7. Taylor Hardwick began construction on new dormitories in late 1958 and opened in 1959. The school is now the largest of its type in the U. S. The school now has 47 buildings and 72 acres. The schools annual budget is over $30 million dollars. The schools no longitudinal an boarding school but, now a public school.Its the only school in Florida that is pre-school through 12th grade. It also has a post-secondary program. The school is authorized by the Southern Association of Colleges, and Schools. The Conference of Education Administrators serving the deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and visually handicapped. The sch ool has two departments the Deaf department, and the Blind department. The school also has outreach programs for parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in Florida.The also has a healthcare center on campus for students, as tumefy as two well-appointed auditoriums. The school boasts the Copeland recreation and fitness center, which is specially designed and constructed for the blind. The center is the site of the annual USABAs youth national goalball tournament. non only that but blind high school students get state of the art sound system within the school. The school has 11 sports you can heart at the school Football, Soccer, Volleyball, Basketball, Little League Baseball, Track, Cross Country, Swimming, Goalball, Wrestling, and Cheerleading.They have preforming arts groups, the deaf department has a traveling dance troupe, and the blind department has a band known as the OuttaSight. The school also has several clubs the blind skier, academic bowl team (competitive), and a traveling math club called MathCounts. -Notable Alumni- * prick Charles- He learned to read braille here. When he went to the school it was known as the Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. * Ashley Fiolek- A very well-known rider in motocross racing. * Marcus Roberts- A famous Jazz pianist. -My Perspective- I really enjoyed researching and writing this essay.Originally the essay was supposed to be about all deaf culture tie in things in Florida but, as I started one of the things that kept popping up was the Florida school for the Deaf and Blind. Since it kept popping up I clicked on it and was amazed that it was in St. Augustine (which is where I was vent to go for spring break), and that it was the oldest school for the deaf in Florida. only of a sudden I knew that I wasnt doing my device on the deaf culture in Florida but instead a certain school for the deaf in Florida. Then I realized I had to make a decision the schools name is the school f or the Deaf and Blind.Meaning I would have to decide if I wanted to do my project on the school as a whole which means the Deaf and Blind, or just the Deaf department. As you already know (because hopefully you read the essay) I choose to both. The reason I choose to do both is because if Im writing (or typing) this essay about the school than Im going to write about the school in a whole. When I saw the school in person was when I finally realized just how big 47 buildings and 72 acres is. the school is huge and looked like it could swallow are school times two. I wasnt able to go into the school.I was also surprised that I didnt see that many people who were either deaf or blind from what I could tell at least. I do remember seeing this one girl who was deaf a couple times, I think she might have been a tourist though because I saw her at a tourist spot. The first time I say her we were sitting across from each other at a restaurant. My dad kept telling me to go say hi, and I swea r I told him a million times that I couldnt and that it would be considered rude. All in all I feel extremely pleased with what I came up with for this essay, and I hope you are too.

The Grapes Of Wrath English Literature Essay

When we were foremost given this assignment, I thought process, how will I larn anything from this? By the clip I was on the 3rd chapter I had my reply. A book filled with emotions, calamity and problematic clip, I could nt assist but believe how in some ways, many of these are slightly care today s. magical spell, granted, the bulk of us still suck in occupations, instruction, and roofs oer our caputs, I will explicate subsequently on how there are many similarities between today s frugal governance and the economic system which lies within this book. But first, allow me take you into the absorbing universe that is, The Grapes of Wrath.It begins with the debut of Tom Joad, bracing out of McAlester prison afterward functioning four old ages for manslaughter. As he makes his manner behind come by he is incognizant of what has observeed in the live on few months while he has been locked up. When a truck driver, who kindly agrees to give Tom a lift slightly of the manner, asks him why he is returning sic to what is most likely empty country as its more than probably that the Bankss have seized it, as they have done with many other belongingss. On his concluding stretch of route in which he walks, Tom comes across a tatterdemalion looking bragging(a) male sitting in the shadiness of a tree. It turns out to be Jim Casey, the sermonizer from the church Tom attended as a kid. As they walk together we hear of how Casey has decided to no nightlong a sermonizer due to his behavior with misss after mass. As the brace arrive to the farm in which the Joad s owned it is noticed how dead it is. While houses are half knocked, Tom recognises how no 1 had stolen wood or anything else. He realises that what the teamster says was true and fears he will non be subject to egest his home plate. Fortunately for him, an old neighbor informs him that the Joad s have gone to Uncle fundament s place, and program to travel to California from at that place on. When T om arrives to Uncle John s he is heartily greeted by a happy male parent, Pa, and an raze happier female parent, Ma. As he settles down he learns of how the Bankss have evicted fellowships from their land as the bankers are non doing adequate net incomes from the agriculture. It is so announced that the program to travel to California is in fact true. They have been told that many occupations are to be found and that one could do a batch of money from picking the likes of oranges and grapes. Bombarded with this intelligence Tom insists on fall ining his house observe. They plan on going in a truck which was picked out by Tom s younger brother Al. We are besides introduced to the youngest blood relative Ruthie and Winfield along with Tom s big(predicate) sister Rose of Shannon who is get hitched with to Connie, a local male child from a neighbouring farm. We besides meet Tom s grandparents. It is told how they all plan on going in this truck, including Tom and the sermonizer, wi th all that they posses. As they pack up what is left of their properties, holding sold most of it to do money to acquire to California, the household make up ones mind it is clip to travel. However, holding lived on the land all his life Grandpa decides he does nt desire to go forth. Knowing he ll be asleep shortly the household complete the wadding and carry him to the truck, and polish off they set.As autos line the Highway 66 we learn of how each squeak, every jar and every hushing of noise is to be listened for in the truck. All driver know precisely how far it is from service station o service station, cognizant of the possibility of interrupting down and holding no manner of repairing the auto if they are in the center of nowhere. It is after go throughing through Oklahoma and settling for the sombre that the first calamity occurs. As the household draw up and bivouac on the route side they meet a adult male, Ivy Wilson, and his married woman, Sairy, whose auto has broken down at the side of the route, all households worst incubuss. We besides find out that Grandpa is ill, really ill. The Wilson s are sort adequate to offer their collapsible shelter for Grandpa to lie down in, nevertheless, it s non long before he has a shot and unfortunately passes off. It is so decided to bury Grandpa and to go forth a non saying what happened. Come morning, both households decide it will be a good thought to go together from now on. With the Wilson s auto fixed for now, the all set off one time once more. However, on the 3rd two dozen hours of going the Wilson s auto one time once more brakes down. Tom and the sermonizer stay behind with the auto while Al brings the remainder of the household to a nearby encampment topographic point before read/write head back to Tom and the sermonizer to assist repair the auto. back off at the camping site a adult male is informing Pa of how there is really no occupations in California and it is a counteract of their clip t raveling at that place. Not being one to be put off, Pa bushes the remarks to a side and continues on with his eventide. When the male childs arrive back with the auto fixed they decide to kip in it so as to avoid holding to pay more money to remain in the ingroup site. However, in the cantonment site, granny knot is amplyly ill, holding fallen ailment after the decease of her hubby. Geting sicker by the minute the household decide to head off at the cleft of morning so as to make the desert before taking nether interruption. Once the range the outskirts of the sweet, technically already in California, another adult male tells of how he is on his manner place after gaining there is no proper occupations to be had in California. As Grandma gets worse the household make up ones mind it will be easier to take the desert at dark so they set off. However, this clip it is with sibling Noah, who has decided that he wants to remain on the outskirts. Convinced he is non truly loved by his household he pleads with Tom to inform the remainder of the household rough his determination. When Ma hears this, she believes her household is falling apart. As the household get stopped for a everyday review, Ma pleads with the constabulary to allow them on as Granma is in demand of some medical intervention. However, when they reach the other side of the sweet, Ma announces that Granma has been dead since the review of the truck. The household eventually arrive to a cantonment where there is a little possibility of acquiring work, nevertheless as a battle breaks out between Tom, the sermonizer and a constabulary adult male, it s realised that Tom has one time once more interrupt his word. The sermonizer kindly steps frontward and takes the incrimination for the battle and he is put in prison. With the disappearing of Connie as good, the household decide to travel on to another cantonment. It is here that Tom finds work and the household start to settle, nevertheless, after a f ew hebdomads Ruthie accidently outs Tom about being in prison and the household must one time once more travel on. here strikes the 3rd calamity, Rose of Shannon gives birth to a still babe. With heavy rain endangering the hovel in which the household are remaining in, they decide they must happen dry land. On their travels they take care a barn and venture to it. It is here they find a adult male and his boy. The adult male is deceasing have nt non eaten in yearss. So ill that he is un subject to eat any solid nutrients, besides milk or soup, it is here that Rose of Shannon asks the household to go forth them entirely for a piece.John Steinbeck, born Febuary 27th 1902 wanted to be a author. He graduated high school in 1919 and went on to conk out at Stanford University. Having left University without a grade he moved to New York to prosecute his passion of going a author. When times were tough at that place he moved back to California where his first novel was published. He wr ote a sum of 20 seven books and in 1962 he won the Nobel wampum for Literature. He is best known for his plants including East of Eden, Mice of Men and of class, The Grapes of Wrath, is an writer that many spate can fall in love with. His ability to convey you into a book and do you experience like you are at that place with him, along for the drive. He does nt compose to compose, he writes to inform and edify 1s ego of what times had been like. He connects profoundly with the book, about as if he is stating you his really ain life narrative. It s rare to experience as if the writer is composing from the bosom. Yet, Steinbeck draws you in from the really get downing. His ability to do you oppugn what his characters do, how they act and what they say. It s as if he is a accord of the book and the book is a portion of him. It s about as, daring I say, if he got stuck in witting, the book could give him a intimation as to where to travel on from. A large(p) author, possibly, an eve n better narrative Teller.It s astonishing how a book can moreover catch your attending from the start. It sucked me right in. I was in a universe of my ain variant it. I could nt assist believe to myself how things are so different now but yet, so the same. However, some of Steinbeck s descriptions bothered me a spot. While they were full of imagination and gave huge item, I found myself oppugning was it truly necessary. Such as the first chapter on dust. I merely did nt see how it related to the remainder of the narrative. I do nevertheless, recognise why there was such great description sing California, it was the hereafter of the household so I was happy to read about it. I merely felt that some spots of it seemed meaningless, they did nt look to add to the narrative line and frequently, I felt myself planing over it to acquire to the good portion. But when we reached the parts about the household I was in my component. Reading the battle they had to get the better of, abou t being able to see it was astonishing. One of my favorite minutes in the book was when we read of how Tom and Al had found a debris pace and because the proprietor was nt at that place, they were able to acquire pieces of a auto at a fraction of the monetary value to what it would of been had the proprietor been at that place. It merely shows how concern proprietors were taking people for granted, cognizing they would pay about anything to repair up a auto so they could acquire to California. There were many minutes in this book when I merely halt and believe. The looks people used, the cognition people had without an instruction. It was astonishing to see how the male childs were able to repair up a auto that had something incorrect with it that I had neer heard of. At the age of 16, Al was able to pick out a truck he knew was trust worthy plenty to acquire him and his household all the manner to California. He was so able to drive the truck and listen out for any little, uneven noises the engine might do. The manner it was compose, you would hold thought he was in his mid-twentiess, non a immature teenage male child. I besides thought the character of Tom Joad was one of the best written characters I have of all time read approximately. He puts everything aside to mind and protect his household. He is even willing to allow them travel in front and remain behind if it means they will be happier and no problem will follow them. He did nt inquiry interrupting his word to remain with his household. It s as if he was the knight in reflecting arm for the household. Possibly sometimes a difficult read, over all, there was a sense of achievement reading this book. It would nt hold been one I would hold read out of wonder, but I m glad I got to read it. There is something particular about completing a book and holding it linger in your head for a clip after.Who would hold thought a book about the great depression would somewhat mirror today s economic system. Does that demo merely how bad things have gotten? I think it s clip we have a expression and happen out merely how much the economic system in The Grapes of Wrath are mirrored in today s economic system. Let s foremost compare the monsters , otherwise known as the bank directors. Back so, they regarded the bank directors as the monsters as they took the land in which people lived on, took all their money and got off with it. I think it s just to state today that the Bankss can be called monsters as good. Some high up bank directors have besides taken what is nt theirs and a few have in fact gotten off scot free, or have been somewhat penalize but nil to what should hold happened. Therefore I think it is just to state that in both universes, bank directors can be regarded slackly as monsters. I besides think the book helps explicate what is go oning in the economic system today. We seem to be in a province of daze, or we were when the recession foremost happened. it was like nil we ha ve of all time seen earlier. Jobs were traveling left and right. Peoples all of a sudden realised they had auto loans and monumental mortgages to pay and did nt hold the money to pay them. Suddenly Bankss did nt hold money and set force per unit area on people to pay up. We re selling our 2009 Mercedes and B.M.W.s for 2004 Opel Astra or a Ford Fiesta so that we can afford to run it and pay back loans. We re no longer heading in Brown Thomas on a Saturday afternoon to sit down with a friend to hold a java and a scone merely because we have nt seen them since last Saturday We non traveling into the bag section and purchasing a Miu Miu bag because we think it ll travel with one outfit we have. Now let s expression at what happened in the Grapes of Wrath. Suddenly they excessively had a strain on their money. They sold what they had to do money. They were cognizant of how much they could afford to pass on a auto to acquire them to California and non a penny more. They knew how much the y would strike to pass on gas to acquire at that place. They knew they may necessitate some trim hard currency to set towards parts for the truck if it broke down. They were nt traveling down the town for a few pints, or spillage money on Sweets for the kids. To me, the lone difference between both universes is one thing and one thing merely, the kids in the Grapes of Wrath understood what was go oning, even at the stamp age of seven or eight. Now, do nt acquire me incorrect, today, plentifulness of 16 twelvemonth or 17 twelvemonth olds and above understand what s traveling on. But allow s be honest, the younger kids do nt. They do nt understand that Ma and Pa may non be able to acquire them that Xbox game they wanted this month, they ca nt afford to purchase a new brace of Uggs every clip a brace gets soaked and takes a few hebdomads to return to normal coloring material. But the kids in The Grapes of Wrath, Ruthie and Winfield for illustration, they know why they ca nt hold a sa loon of cocoa they know how friendly they were to be given Sweets towards the terminal of the book. It s as if, straight away the Joad s were cognizant they need to maintain money tight. It s besides as if, it took people today a piece to gain they needed to make the same, but after clip, they realised. We could hold learned from this book though. There was no administration bond outs in the Grapes of Wrath, no NAMA, no 2nd opportunities. Imagine if we had applied such thought to our economic system. If your thought would we be in the same places as the Joad s had no such bond outs occurred, I know we would nt hold. But we can larn from this book to assist us today. We can be refreshing with our money. We can make as Tom and Al did and pass maintain the money they saved when purchasing the auto parts. They could hold gone down to a saloon and had a great dark if they wanted to. But they were smart with their money. We could travel and book a vacation with the money we could acqu ire for selling a twelvemonth old auto and down rating to an old auto, or we could make as the male childs did, and salvage it. Put it towards the hereafter. Bring back the economic system so our kids and expansive kids can hold the life we had. We can larn a batch from this book sing the economic system. Our economic system today is their economic system seventy old ages ago.It could easy be said that The Grapes of Wrath is about one thing and one thing merely, the difficult times people can fall on. But we know it s non. While it is about the difficult times, it is besides about the un brickly yet breakable bond of a household, their desire to populate another twenty-four hours and their will power to travel on when everything is traveling against them.

A Hero Within

Everywhere you turn orderliness today seems to be keen on portraying Afri nooky Americans as a scapegoat to smock societal issues and inadequacies. Ernest Gaines exemplifies this idea in the novel A Lesson Before Dying in which a young black man, Jefferson, is sentenced to trial and execution for what can be considered a wrong place and wrong time incident. present, who is an educator in the alliance, plays the role of a cynic and buffer surrounded by Jefferson and the rest of the community.He begins this novel as a somewhat worn out empty husk of what his full potential can fully allow. In a society that is prevail by white people in a post slavery pro-racist world very few opportunities present themselves for African Americans, such as Jefferson or concord, that allow for growth and fulfillment of ones existence. As the novel progresses Gaines provides the right elements to allow for self-fulfillment and growth for two(prenominal) characters that lead to life ever-changin g epiphanies and ultimately allow for a hero figure to rise.Although almost oppo site in composition both Jefferson and have lack elements that allow them to feel alone and truly live. As individuals both struggle to live in a world that seeks to oppress causing each to b arely live, moreover through their combine experiences and shared struggles, each are able to break the chains of oppression and rise to their ultimate potential. Grant begins the novel feeling distanced from the other members of the black community while at the same time feeling intrinsically bound to them.He feels pressured to conform to a society in which white people are superior and give little to no privilege to blacks. This idea is furthered as Dr. Joseph visits Grants school and compliments his students mentioning that they are a good rate, insinuating that the black students are subhuman or objects for a slave type of work. Although Grants inadequacies leave him feeling conflicted, hollow, and helples s to do anything but scat away, he often remembers the pride and excitement surrounding black heroes such as Jackie Robinson and Joe Louis as they stood up to the white men and society.A hero as seen through Grants eyes is a man who does something that other men do not do or cannot do. Although Grant believes he is not a hero, he believes that Jefferson can embody the idea of a hero and that he can stand up to defy the white people proving that African Americans are human too. Grant continues by explaining to Jefferson while crying that he (Grant) needs him (Jefferson) more than Jefferson needs him. The crying and showing f helplessness attach the first transition for Grant towards the hero he can become and shows the characters positive growth. This transition also marks where the individual struggles between Jefferson and Grant end and unification towards the embodiment of heroism begins Grant continues to embody the idea of a hero and show character progression while tipsines s at the Rainbow Club by standing up for Jefferson, when it would have been much easier to ignore the situation and derogatory comments.Grants passion and inability to sit back while the mulatto bricklayers demean the idea of Jefferson promotes the hero within, by standing up for the weak and doing something when others would not. Even though a fight breaks out and Grant is knocked unconscious, it is still another positive step towards the inner fulfillment he desperately needs. Grant also embodies a non-traditional hero in the sense that he keeps his loved ones, Vivian, at arms length at all times.This typically is done to protect the loved ones from impending harm however this differs because in this instance it stems from his own inadequacies and lack of conviction in himself. Although Grant lacks the ability to see his true inner potential, others such as Tante Lou have shown positive hike and ultimately given everything in the belief that Grant can be great. In this instance T ante Lou has kept hidden the fact that she works incredibly desire hours and works her fingers to the bone, just to send Grant to college.These outside positive factors have helped pave the pathway so that one day Grant can pay back his inner hero and live up to his full potential. Another valuable transition into Grants heroic path is the belief in himself which stems from an definitive connection with Jefferson whom he felt provided an idea he lacked, wholeness. Grant explained to Jefferson that he felt lost and needed Jefferson to believe in something so that someday he (Grant) can look to Jefferson as an example and start believing in himself.Through Jefferson, Grant has learned to stop hiding behind his own reverence and inadequacies. This marks the change in status for both men as Jefferson for the first time exemplifies strength, which is shown in his posture and offer to provide Jefferson food. Grant travel back from a teaching role and exemplifies a student role in wh ich he feels inadequate, realizing that perhaps his opinions and cynic views on life have been wrong. This is an important point in the book because it marks the final transition into the fulfillment of both mens existence. At this point he reader has seen both characters come full circle and grow from empty husks into in depth complex people, both of which can be considered as heroes. On Jeffersons stick out night Jefferson apologizes to Grant for crying when he realized that Grant would not be at the execution, stating that nobody had ever been as good to him as Grant had been during his incarceration. This kindness shown by Grant once again exemplifies the hero role as doing something that other men do not do in this theme it was treating Jefferson as a man, a human, and as an equal.Finally Jeffersons diary shows how Jefferson has grown into his potential and indicates that his faith is placed not in God but in his friendship with Grant. His finding of faith is the last part ne eded by Grant, to fully believe in himself and become the man Tante Lou and everyone else knows he can become. Although both individuals started on a path of isolation, cynicism and were shown as empty husks of their true potential, they each found fulfillment and growth.Even though it was unintentional both Jefferson and Grant grew from the experiences provided by the other and were finally able to break the chains holding them back to fulfill their potential as heroes. Upon the epiphanies that each had based on the others actions and conversations, both characters were able to grow and accomplish what individually they could not. Even though in the end Jefferson was still put to death, this book shows that two men who have nonentity in common can create something so great that it shakes the very foundation on which they are built. This can apply to present day society as well as to society in the past.

Positive Social Change Essay

Participatory Action look (PAR) is a type of investigate that involves tout ensemble parties who are considered relevant in the issue in examining together current action- considered as the source of the problem, for the promotion of change and improvement of such current situation. It is non the type of research that precedes future actions. It is an action which is researched, changed and re-researched, a continuing process by and for its participants. It may not be used by one sort of people for their own benefit versus other groups that are also involved in the issue.It is genuinely democratic by nature and is non-coercive. The people who the research aims to back up are also active participants to the research process (Wadsworth, 1998). Action research or participatory action research for the past few years has arise out to be a significant methodology for intervention and developmental change programs within different communities and groups. It has been implemented and p romoted by many agencies and programs, also by countless local club organizations around the globe which attests to its effectiveness (Checkland & Howell, 1998).The many theories and research in social psychology, such as action research, among others, that put altogether theories into practice has certainly effected positive change. They have helped in ascertaining reasons behind the surfacing of various problems- whether it be on the individual or societal level. wise(p) the source or sources of the problems and the factors that come into play has helped in coming up with feasible solutions to such through intervention methods or coming up with community programs.There have been changes in the type of methods employed in social psychology research as the years go by. From seeing participants in research as the other, a subject which is reminiscent of scientific research methods, as gleaned above in the definition of Active Participatory Research, there comes a shift in the trea tment of participants in the study as not merely passive subjects/objects but as co-researchers themselves.This has been seen to yield a richer understanding of the issues at hand and provides for easier enactment of proposed intervention programs. As such, it is my belief that future research in social psychology would veer towards this direction due to its effectiveness in pinpointing specific problem areas and formulating innovative solutions to such. This social psychology course has made an impact in my life in many ways. Studying theories and methods on benevolent behavior has helped me become more aware of my own behavior and how it affects others.Knowing the detriment that my behavior may cause gives me the ability to slowly change my set about in interacting with others so as I will be able to have a more harmonious relationship with everyone around me. That said, this course in Social Psychology has not only helped me understand the world around me, but myself as well, t hat may yield positive changes not only in my life, but that of others around me as well. REFERENCE LIST Wadsworth, Y. (1998). What is Participatory Action Research?Australia Institute of Workplace Research, Learning and Development, Southern Cross University Press. Checkland, P. , & Holwell, S. (1998). Action Research Its Nature and Validity. Systemic Practice and Action Research, Volume 11, (Issue 1, Feb), p 9-21. Jenner, E. A. , Watson, P. W. B. , Miller, L. , Jones, F. , & Scott, G. M. (2002). Explaining hand hygiene practice an extended application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7(3), 311-326.

Chicken of the Sea Company Essay

Discussion Questions1. Discuss the consumer decision making process for a carrefour such as canned/packaged tuna and the response power structure model this is most likely to be applicable in the purchase of this product. * Consumers of packaged tuna usually go through the low-involvement hierarchy. Unless consumers have loyalty to a certain punctuate, they usually pick the product with the lowest price. Tuna is not something that will cause consumers to go though cognitive dissonance because of the low-involvement hierarchy.2. Discuss the component integrated marketing communications plays in the marketing of canned/packaged tuna for a caller-out such as Chicken of the Sea International. How cogency the company use the various IMC alsols as part of its marketing program? * The role IMC plays in marketing canned/packaged tuna is to earn brand identity and equity. Chicken of the Sea has a target market of women usually 25-54 years old. The idea of promoting the product with the use of Jessica Simpson will help to promote the product to different target audiences, in order to create brand awareness. The company established a budget for hiring Simpson at $11 million in 2004. then they must develop an integrated market communications program before implementing the strategies. The company will then implement the strategies through ads on television, radio and so forth The company then must monitor and evaluate the program in order to as certain(predicate) that hiring Simpson is bene aspecting the company and brand identity.3. Discuss how Chicken of the Seas marketing personnel and advertising agency might evaluate the appropriateness of using Jessica Simpson as a vocalism for the company and whether she is a good fit for the brand. * Chicken of the Seas marketing personnel and advertising agency has a lot to evaluate when deciding whether Jessica Simpson is right for their brand. The company was worried if Simpsons ditzy reputation was something that they wanted representing their products. Chicken of the Seas target market usually consists of 25 to 54 year old women and since Simpson is popular among teens, they were not sure how their target market would react to her. They also had to evaluate how they were going to use Jessica Simpson when promoting the product. The company was nervous that advertising Simpson through television commercials was going to be too expensive and too risky.4. Discuss the pros and cons of Chicken of the Sea International hiring Jessica Simpson as a interpretive program for the company. Can the companyafford to hire her and spend the bullion on TV advertising to use her effectively? * Jessica Simpson could be an asset to Chicken of the Sea. Having her as a spokesperson could bring in new customers and establish brand awareness to people outside of their target market. If the company feels that having Simpson on television commercials to promote the product is expensive, they can utilize her singing tale nts and have a new Chicken of the Sea jingle. The jingle could be played on the radio and it will reach many different audiences. The downside to having Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson is that Simpsons personality may not agree with the companys target market that is usually very loyal to the brand. In addition, hiring Simpson as the spokesperson would cost at least one million dollars. If the marketing plan fails, this could result in a massive loss.5. What would you do if you were Don George? Would you recommend that the company hire Simpson as a spokesperson? Why or why not? * The pros of hiring Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson can definitely outweigh the cons. Simpson generated a great deal of buzz from her television by not being able to differentiate between chicken and tuna. Many people heard slightly it even if they did not follow the show. Don George should capitalize on that buzz and hire Simpson. Not only could she be promoted through television commercials, but she c ould be used in radio advertisements and magazines. Although these advertisements are expensive, using Simpson should generate brand awareness that could give Chicken of the Sea advantage over its competitors and generate revenue.

Analyze the development and nature and assess the achievements of the movements for school and school improvement in the UK

At ace take aim take aim emolument is a approach of teachs achieving organisational training and growth. At a nonher train prep ar improvement has a moral purpose and is essenti bothy associated to the life-chances and achievements of all nurturechilds. School improvement is basically concerning building communities and instituting positive family relationships at bottom those communities. It has at its condense the fundamental belief that civilises can and does make a remnant and that this difference can be considerably enhanced. Rutter et al. 197913) give one of the to the highest degree encouraged statements nearly direct improvement by highlighting that the f act asors that persuade educate per foundance be open to am completement by supply rather than fixed by out-of-door constraints. In other words, educates can progress, civilizes can transform and school performance is non a fixed or pre determine entity. Evidence would imply that those schools engag e in improvement activities build communities that ar joint and empowering. They promote positive relationships and permit all voices to be heard and accredited.In this sense, school improvement manner moving from a culture of individualism to what Clarke (20007) calls a transformed sense of social responsibility. So, whats in it for schools? At its about thoughtful, it is about making a difference to the lives of young people as puff up as at its most realistic it is about knowing how to do this most efficiently. It is app bent that schools that put in the phylogenesis of their teachers as well as put efforts in the development of the school. While teachers argon given power to act and atomic number 18 implicated in the development of the school there is to a greater extent future for school growth.Hopkins (2001) concluded that teachers involvement is one of ten essential principles for what he calls authentic school improvement. In a climate of collegiality rather than likability teachers be more expected to self-assurance one another and to support innovation and change (Barth, 1990). Barth (1990158) illustrates a school as four walls surrounding a future. This image detains the potency and prospect of school improvement. It reminds us that school improvement is much more than let out test scores or increasing floors. Its core lies in building school communities that are joint, inclusive and eventually empowering.For it is only within such communities that the prospective of both students and teachers will be completely realized. It is this objective that lies at the heart of school improvement and make certain that schools remain places where, primarily training matters. Schools are able of improving themselves if the conditions are right and the relations within the school are encouraging of change. It will inexorably be more difficult to form the optimum internecine conditions in the face of persistent external change. Schools are presen tly caught amongst the demands of policy-makers and the desires of the students and parents in their community.Fullan (1999) argues that schools are inexorably pulled in twain directions, by established and less stable forces, and that the dynamics of the successful organization are of asymmetrical cycles and discontinuous trends (Fullan, 19994). Therefore, by building strong professional communities schools will be more capable to swim with the deluge of external reform and will be more skilled at coping with the pressures of external change. There are many calculates that are initiated with the lap of time to attain school improvement in UK.The IQEA school improvement fancy provides an interesting paradigm of how a school improvement project can develop. What began as a complete school staff development possible action, ultimately transformed itself into a school improvement initiative with a total assurance to enhancing classroom practice. The overall aim of IQEA is to make and appraise a model of school development and a programme of support, that supports a schools capability to provide quality education for all its pupils by building upon accessible good practice (Hopkins et al. , 1994).In the project, approaches and methods from the development and effectiveness paradigms are mixed unitedly particularly, these comprise use of and hunt d admit on improvement and change processes with contribution on school and classroom effectiveness and measurement of outcomes. Hopkins and Ainscow, 1993 outline five asking on which they establish later phases of the project School improvement is a procedure that focuses on enhancing the quality of students education. The hatful of the school must be one which holds all members of the school community as both learners and providers. The school will see in exterior pressures for change significant opportunities to secure its inner priorities. The school will inquire to develop structures and make conditions w hich persuade collaboration and show the way to the empowerment of individuals and assorts. The school will search to promote the view that incur and assessment quality is a job which all members of staff share. The project, which began with just nine schools in 1991, has gr feature each year, and presently involves in many schools in several(prenominal) areas of the country.A contract is approved between school staff, the Local Education Authority and the project team. each(prenominal) staff of a school has to restrain that the school will take part, and at least forty percent receive release time to take on specific project-related activities in their own as well as each others classrooms, though all staff participate in certain IQEA-focused staff development events. At least two staff members are chosen as coordinators and attend ten geezerhood of training and support meetings, for which authorization is purported.The school selects its own priorities for development as w ell as its own methods to attain these priorities. It also participates in the assessment of the project and has to consign itself to share findings with other contributors in the project. The unique conceptualization of the project was based on the understanding that effective change strategies center not only on the implementation of central policies or chosen initiatives, but also on forming the conditions within schools that can protract the teaching-learning process.From their work on the IQEA project, there were known a series of conditions that underpinned the work of these successful schools (Hopkins and Ainscow, 1993). Broadly stated, the conditions are Staff development Involvement Leadership Coordination Enquiry and reflection Collaborative planning. As work persistent with IQE A schools on the building of potentiality in these areas, the project personnel began to observe a number of aspects influencing how particular conditions can best put in to a moving school ethos (Rosenholtz, 1989).As significance they began to expand a series of propositions concerning the relationship between the way a school approaches a particular condition and the collision of that condition on the schools capability to hold the key to the setting up of a school culture which can significantly allow all teachers within the school community (Hopkins and West, 1994). These six conditions and the interrelated propositions were the center of early work with the IQEA project schools.Consequently, the project began to center many of its explore energies on to what was formerly thought to be a parallel set of conditions which linked to the idea of capacity at the classroom level. These conditions were linked to teacher development, much in the same way as the unusual set of conditions were linked to school development. As such, they were be to be transferable across classrooms and between teachers, and linked to a variety of teaching-learning initiatives designed to d evelop the achievement of students.At this stage, the project adapted a modelling for School Improvement (Hopkins et al. , 1994) to state the relationship, as it then saw it, between school and classroom conditions, and the development of development in schools. Other school improvement projects which are organic in nature are those that are based upon a partnership model with schools and the local education authority ( pasturage). The Schools Make a exit project in London and the Lewisham School Improvement project describe this sheath of approach.The Lewisham School Improvement work out commenced in the spring of 1993 and arose out of a partnership between Lewisham schools, Lewisham Local Education Authority ( pasture) and the University Of London engraft Of Education. It has four aims to boost pupil progress, accomplishment and development to build up the internal capacity of schools for managing change and appraising its impact at Whole school level Classroom level Student level to develop the capability of the LEA to give selective information to schools that will support their ability to plan and assess change To assimilate the above with the systems ongoing in-service and support services to figure a coherent approach to professional development. The project has some dimensions, though these overlap to some extent Leadership development-a progression of voluntary five-day workshops (Leaders Together) with head teachers as well as deputy head teachers across the borough of Lewisham, who work with a partner throughout and between sessions. Topics see to ited include and emphasize the significance of leading and management of school effectiveness and school improvement.School projects-more intensive work with a preliminary pilot group of ten schools (primary, secondary and special schools are characterized), the heads and deputies of who start contributed in the initial workshops. A succeeding group of schools has consequently been involved. Thes e schools have acknowledge a focus for improvement and learning, and cross-role project teams attend several sessions in which they work with Institute facilitators to process their focus areas through analysis of school-based data.They are as well introduced to the school effectiveness and school improvement research findings, with a special accent on their role as change agents within their schools. The title of the workshop series, Moving Together, reflects the optimistic impact on school improvement of teachers learning in concert (Rosenholtz, 1989). Endorsement has been offered for course and project work. Indicators creation-a voluntary group of fifteen teachers, head-teachers, LEA advisers and officers have recognized and developed LEA and exclusively school indicators of change, development and achievement, with a focus on pupils through special educational needs.These indicators will be accessible to schools when evaluating their effectiveness regarding individual pupils progress, whole school systems and worth for money. They will also give data to inform the LEAs strategic planning, comprising its resourcing and monitoring role. Monitoring and evaluation-evaluation of change is basic to the project, and the question Has it made a difference? is a frequent theme. The purpose is for the project itself to represent appropriate evaluation procedures and to reveal effectiveness, as well as encouraging and supporting schools to assess their own effectiveness.The LEA collects borough-wide data on examination results, attendance and absenteeism, exclusions and staff absence data, broken down by gender along with ethnicity for each school. Pupil baseline data at age 11 also comprise the London Reading Test and a group reading test to be finished by all pupils throughout their first month in secondary school and are supplemented by a complementary test at the end of their first year.The accessible data will facilitate evaluation of the projects effective ness in the pilot secondary schools a formst LEA averages, a introducest other matched schools, and longitudinally. Some similar data subsist for primary aged pupils. At present, however, the capability for monitoring and evaluating efficiency in primary schools is limited, and pilot primary schools are being assisted to join on appropriate indicators (Stoll and Thomson, 1996).The Halton Effective Schools teacher survey (Stoll, 1992) has been modified to be completed by staff in all the pilot schools and in a group of coordinated schools. It will be repeated after two years. The schools themselves also give regular progress reports, addressing issues linking to success criteria, baseline data and development to date. An Institute researcher has carried out interviews in pilot schools, and LEA Link advisers finished questionnaires on their viewpoint of individual schools progress.Interviews have also been carried out with key members of the LEA, together with the director. Follow-up interviews are planned. More current school progress reports reveal the increased emphasis on changing classroom practice and opportunities for student learning (Teddlie and Reynolds, 1999, 301). For instance, in an update in September 1994 the deputy head teacher of the special school observed that the first year was mainly devoted to the rump of staff-centered remark and contribution, and teaching and appraisal strategy development.This year, with these structures in place, the focus has shifted to students in the classroom. According to Fidlers (1997) idea that no particular organizational structure is most effective in a given situation, for loosely coupled or even fuzzy structures Increasing economic rationalism in society may be evident in schools with little value placed on whether students are happy or enjoying school.Curricula related to personal, social, and health education have bugger off devalued, as they are not measurable quantities in the view of education autho rities (Morley & Rassool, 1999, p. 1). Schools implicated in the more detailed project work are a special school that caters for students who have rigorous learning difficulties and are between the ages of 11 and 19 years. The school has reported that Leaders Together has given them with the drift to work as a staff to write novel prospectus group-based plans of work.For their project they have chosen to center on reporting and assessment so as to develop a system that will both sustain the UKs National Curriculum and permit for the marked differentiation between students that subsists in their school. expose of the cultural conditions of the school which they as well wish to integrate into the project is the contribution of their non-teaching staff. A primary school also implicated in the project has determined on students writing, the curriculum center from the schools development plan.The staff as a whole have already spent time eloquent their imaging and aims for the school, and they have explored and coordinated a diversity of strategies that comprise analysis of the schools own statistics on attainment using pertinent research findings to inform practice paired classroom observations staff development session annual targets for individual teachers linked to the aims of the project and the development of a usually known and agreed monitoring scheme to be used by the head teacher and languages teacher while they natter classrooms and give feedback to teachers.Governors and effectiveness-more recent corresponding work with governing bodies of numerous schools who have been introduced to school effectiveness and school improvement issues and are working through them as they relay to their own role in promoting better school effectiveness. Dissemination-dissemination within and beyond the LEA takes place. The last two yearly head and deputy head conferences have taken school improvement as their theme.Schools and their LEA partners also allocate experie nces and understandings gained topically, around the country and in other LEAs, at Institute of Education conferences, and national and international research conferences. A presentation to the International relative for School Effectiveness and Improvement on the work of the project integrated the three partners in the project the Institute, the LEA and the schools. In early 1993, Hammersmith and Fulham LEA recognized the Schools Make a Difference Project to assist the boroughs eight secondary schools heave student levels of attainment, achievement and morale (Myers, 1995).While association to the project was optional, all eight schools in the ability chose to participate. The projects guiding principles were based on school effectiveness research findings. These principles were that students require to believe that schooling can be expensive and relevant that learning should be challenging and relevant, to support students to build up their capabilities as responsible, conside rate and active citizens that students rational, personal and technical abilities, abilities and capabilities are recognized and valued, and that expectations of development and performance are high that good behavior is a essential condition for effective learning, and that students take accountability for their own behavior and present a high level of engagement in a well planned learning process that parental participation is vital and must be seek that all staff in the schools are involved in, and devoted to, the schools development that schools as well as the community work towards a dual-lane vision and that a professional learning community is formed within schools that head teachers have a fundamental role to play in providing a climate where this can take place That a plan, do and review approach is thoroughly and rigorously applied. Hammersmith and Fulham LEA had chosen a project manager to work with schools and LEA personnel to found the structures and procedures fo r the project. Within her role she made usual visits to the schools and took the schools senior management teams to visit schools of interest around the country. In combination with head teachers and high education staff, she has also organized in-service training for the coordinators, head teachers, senior management teams and various other staff members.The schools all chosen project coordinators, who were awarded thirty half days of cover by other staff so as to carry out work linked with the project in their schools, attend in-service training sessions and visit other schools. Coordinators receive authorization for their course and project work through the London Institute of Education. The coordinators recognized project working parties in their schools that integrated theatrical from a wide range of teaching and support staff and, in some schools, from students, parents and governors.Every school produced a project plan based on criterion agreed by the head teachers for expe nditure of the project budget. The plan was developed as a consequence of wide consultation, and integrated a project focus based on the schools development plan. Numerous schools chose as a focus supple learning strategies, and engaged in a diversity of forms of staff development to help bring in new teaching and student study methods to staff. In one school, for instance, the eight voluntary members of the SMAD Development Group determined to pair up with a partner to take on in classroom observation and act as every others critical friend.Supply cover for this has been integrated within the schools project plan. The project also funded school-based revision centers throughout the Easter vacation that have already helped raise student engagement. The projects findings, as highlighted by its external assessor (Pocklington, 1995) were that, as there was and generally rise in student achievement across all of the schools in 1993-94, differing rates of progress were achieve across the eight schools. hough it is difficult to attribute improvement to particular aspects of the project, probable contributors were examination revision canters as well as coursework clinics, celebratory events, an emphasis in the majority schools on student consultation, students responses to improvements to the physical environment, and the beginnings of transforming the leading ethos in the pupil sub-culture (Pocklington, 1995125). Four factors emerged to bear considerably on the degree to which the project was successful in each school Hiring of a practically full-time project managerAppointment of a controller in each school Partnership between the manager and head teacher Establishment of a group in each school to ease and oversee project accomplishment. SMAD and Lewisham School Improvement Project Both have particularly emphasized the role of the LEA in development as well as change. The impulsion for change in these projects is locally owned, outwardly supported and school-initi ated. In all of these projects external support, though often welcomed, is not completely necessary all through the project as the school searches out and forms its own support networks.Disclosure to new ideas and practices, collaboration through consortium or pairing arrangements are common in this kind of school improvement work. Primarily, programmes of this type interface at the complete school level but provide much-needed sustain and incentive for change at the classroom level. At the other end of the school improvement range are projects which fall into the mechanistic category in the respect that they advocate or set a particular approach to school improvement. Early examples of such approaches take in the self-managing approach to school improvement developed in the mid-eighties (Caldwell and Spinks, 1988).This approach has been extensively disseminated and is based upon a management cycle that has six phases, i. e. goal-setting, policy-making, planning, groundwork, impleme ntation and assessment. Though this cycle is now comparatively commonplace, this step by step approach has not proved successful with all schools. It is obvious that this instrumental approach and others like it do not take into account the changeability of schools and school context. Such mechanistic approaches presuppose consistency both within the organization and across organizations.The High Reliability Schools project in the UK characterizes a school improvement project intend to make sure that there are high levels of traditionalism between schools. This project is premised upon work by Stringfield (1995) which argues that educational systems have much to learn from the organizational processes of extremely reliable organizations within the corporate as well as state-owned sectors. The characteristics of super consistent organizations take in effective training programmes, concentration on a few goals, standard operation procedures, attention to minor detail and identifying and rectifying weak links (Reynolds et al. 1996). The research concerning High Reliability Schools (HRS) is continuing but some evaluative proof is available. The message from this work is that HRS principles and technology and the emphasis upon dependability are all generative of improved student outcomes but that optimum gain requires a consistent delivery system at project and school level (Stringfield et al. , 200136). It is obvious that success with HRS relies on schools taking on the model richly without the prospect of modification.The project in its promotional material frequently utilizes aircraft analogies, arguing, for instance, that if one is in a holding pattern over Heathrow Airport, it is not reassuring to bankers bill that one has the technology to land the plane however might not use it, or that only thirty per cent of air dealing controllers are effective air traffic controllers, or that we are trying to do something by understanding the ineffective air traffic controllers but have not quite managed it thus far. Because of the cost, both human and financial, of any adversity, the plane should land.Recent estimates suggest the cost of needless school failure within the United States to be the equal of a plane crash every week, yet little is done to put off school failure and much is done to forbid air traffic controller failure. The characteristics of these HROs have been determined to be as follows They train extensively, pre-service and in-service, in order to eliminate operational flaws. When training, all levels of an organization act as respondents on the effectiveness of all levels, in a process of mutual monitoring The goals of the HROs are few and explicit (the job of the air traffic controller is to land the plane, not to relate socially to the pilot ) There is a body of knowledge about practice that is codified into SOPs-Standard Operating Procedures-which dictate people how to behave in the event of any contingency Great at tention is given to minor errors, since the belief is that these could cascade into major system failure Simulations to identify weak links are always being run, with direct action being taken to identify the trailing edge and to make it more effective The organizations are well resourced, and equipment is kept in good order. (Reynolds 1998, 1-4) Underlying the reasons for the existence of all the organizational procedures is the belief that system failure or undependability would generate costs that are too heavy for a society to bear. With eight secondary schools, working in close association with Sam Stringfield of Johns Hopkins University in the United States and David Reynolds of Newcastle Universitys Department of Education, a programme has been developed to model schools on these highly reliable organizations from other fields outside education.The programme consists of the following All the schools have joined a performance indicator system that generates high quality data upon student achievement, the ALIS (A Level Information System) and YELLIS (Year Eleven Information System) schemes pioneered by Fitz-Gibbon and colleagues at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (Fitz-Gibbon, 1992). These data feed back to schools their relative performance on their different public examination subjects, and relate directly to the effectiveness of their departments. All the schools are testing their intake of new pupils as they arrive from junior school.The testing will be repeated at the beginning of each school year, for these pupils improver for the new intake of pupils. Ultimately all pupils will be tested annually. These data will reveal those pupils who have unrealized potential, plus a gain score will be provided for each year that will be a baseline. The schools will be provided with the best knowledge available as their standard direct practices. Schools make available two of their five in-service days each year for HRS activities. One day will be fo r a formal knowledge input of school effectiveness/school improvement knowledge.The other day will be for an input of teacher effectiveness knowledge, plus in both days some skilling of whole school staffs. Both days will be oriented around background pre-reading, formal presentations and more group related activities. Schools are to adopt up to four goals to be their HRS goals. Two project-wide goals will be academic achievement (e. g. percentage of students with five or more GCSEs at grade A-C, staying on rate, percentage of students with five or more GCSEs at grade A-G, plus GNVQ outcomes as appropriate), and the unauthorized absence rate.Up to two other goals, which must permit measurement, will also be chosen by each school to reflect school needs, priorities, developmental status etc. (Reynolds 1998, 1-4) Thus, despite differences of approach, highly effective school improvement projects have been found to share certain characteristics or features. A broad comparative analysis of highly successful programmes demonstrates a number of shared principles or features (Harris, 2000c). This analysis found that effective school improvement programmes focus closely on classroom improvement utilize trenchant instructional or pedagogical strategies, i. e. they are explicit in the models of teaching they prescribe apply pressure at the implementation stage to ensure fond regard to the programme collect systematic evaluative exhibit about the impact upon schools and classrooms mobilize change at a numbers of levels within the organization, e. g. classroom, department, teacher level generate cultural as well as structural change engage teachers in professional dialogue and development provide external way of life and support. Harris, 2000c) This comparison showed that as the school improvement programmes and projects assorted in terms of content, nature and approach they imitated a similar philosophy. Central to this philosophy is an observance to the school as the centre of change and the teacher as the means for classroom change and development. Within highly effective school development programmes the non-negotiable elements are a center on teaching and learning, an obligation to professional development and diffused or devolved leadership.As new school improvement projects and initiatives appear to emerge daily, evidence concerning their collision is not always forth-coming. Critics of the school improvement field have highlighted the virtual absence of evaluative evidence concerning the impact of school improvement upon student performance and achievement. Additionally, there has been little deliberation of the relative effectiveness of different school improvement initiative in enhancing student performance. The studies that do subsist offer little evidence concerning the relative efficiency of one approach over another.Further comparative studies of school improvement are desired to assist schools in selecting development progra mmes that are most effectual and fit their developmental needs. Presently, there is an accumulating knowledge base concerning school improvement arising from the numerous projects as well as programmes around the world. Moreover I believe that in order to improve and to protract improvement over time schools need to build and raise a sense of professional community. In the most effective schools, there is proof of positive relationships both within and outside the school.Barth (199045) portrays a professional community as one where adults and students learn and each energizes and puts in the learning of the other. A professional community is one in which there are collective norms and determine amongst teachers and students. These norms and values symbolize the fundamental beliefs of those within the community and become the central purpose of the school. To build a professional community needs schools to think the type of school culture that reigns and to seek ways of changing it for the better. Learning within an organization is most favorable in an environment of shared leadership and shared power.To promote such an environment needs team work, collaboration and an assurance to enquiry. Connections are mainly important in building community. As Sergiovanni (200163) notes, community is something most of us desire in order to experience the sense and meaning that we require in our lives. We cannot go it alone. We have to be connected somehow, somewhere. Community is a mainly important source of connection for children and young people. If the needs of students to belong are not met by the school then they will get be outside the school.In schools that are improving there are communal norms, shared values, decided goals and common aspirations. These are schools where the social relationships are functional and where trust and deference are at the heart of all developmental work. This does not occur by possibility but results from the premeditated effort of staff and students to pass away and to work together with one another. Sergiovanni (2001) notes that such communities of responsibility are far from easy to develop but are necessary to generate and protract school improvement over time.

Native American Story Telling Essay

Story telling was the spirit of native-born Ameri hind end culture. The way natives executed everyday tasks and their way of thinking came from what they heard as children from stories that were passed by means of multiple generations. When White Settlers started tearing tribe by tribe apart and claiming Native American convey as their own, a dwindling effect on the rich Natives culture became noticeable. The understanding of unity they once knew so well was becoming an unknown aspect which ultimately left sever aloney individual shattered because they were so used to being and acting like one whole.Storytelling became a categorisation of glue that united and healed the damage done by the White Settlers. Already being the prefatory guidelines that each Native survived on, stories became even more valued because they were the things that kept the culture from becoming extinct. Storytelling re-taught the natives the way their ancestors taught and spoke, how their surroundings came to be and how to live a beloved, pious life. It was how they so eagerly grasped for sanity when they were basically stripped from all rights they had from the Colonials.Native American storytelling incorporates human beingsy themes and structures, some more evident that another(prenominal)s, such as poetic constitution styles that include morals, and an explanation of how the world came to be. Morals were a crucial factor in why ancestors passed stories down to their offspring, other than just for enjoyment. They incorporated what they thought were major principals of living or not living a legal life into stories by writing them in between the lines.A little child that was listening to an older recalling a story might be listening for the mere amusement but alike release with a less(prenominal)on learned. In The Sky Tree from the Huron- Eastern Woodland tradition, the extremes the wife of the old man goes by means of to save her husband is definitely admirable, regar dless if the story is true or not. The moral of trying to do all you can to save a loved one can be affectn from this tale. This fantasy of Native American stories having morals is also found in Coyote Finishes His Work from the Nez Perce tradition.After edition the overly confident coyote correcting the wrongs on earth and then getting punished for his mischief, one can take away the lesson of being humble and not abuse power no matter how opened you are. These texts that heavily included morals helped remind the Natives how to repair and establish a meaningful life, even by and by being influenced by the White Men. As the Natives became unsure of how the world even worked anymore when seeing the odd lifestyle of the Whites, storytelling reminded the way their ancestors explained their surroundings.The simplest aspects of life, like how a turtle got its shell, was explained in Native American stories. As said in The Sky Tree, the turtle got its shell when telling all the anim als to nosedive down into a deep pit in order to save the wife of the old man and bring up the soil and place it on his back. This simple explanation showed the thought process of the oldest Natives and helped bring a gumption of unity among the broken ones. Broader ideas, such as how the world came to be, were also included in these tales. According to Coyote Finishes His Work, the coyote gave lot names, taught them languages and how to hunt.Some way or another, humans learned how to these perform basic tasks. Native Americans explained how their people achieved these tasks by claiming The Coyote taught them. This concept was easier to take in rather than the Theory of Evolution, especially in an era where science was less developed. Creating stories of how the world worked when composite was what the Native Americans did best. Imagining how utterly lost the Natives were when the colonials came, one can assume that more stories were created. Stories of how strange men with deox ycytidine monophosphate skin must have calmed the nerves of scared Indians and settled the uproar.It is human nature to become less agitated of an unknown idea if an explanation was given. In this case, Native Americans produced hundreds of stories so that their people could live in peace without having to consistently question everything in existence. Incorporating basic ideas of how the world functions and principals of being a generally good person in Native American storytelling influenced how Natives lived and perceived the world around them. Without these stories the Indians would have no sense of culture to latch on to as settlers tried to change their ways.Each significant society of people throughout the years had some sort of guidelines on which their people believed. Egyptians having their stories written in hieroglyphics which were carved into walls to Christians having their bedrock in the Bible. Aside from being the rules people acted upon, maybe each civilization cam e up with their perspective on life to authenticate their establishments. Whatever the reasoning was behind storytelling, Native Americans definitely did not exclude that factor in their culture. Storytelling was their culture.

Homoscocial and Homoerotiscism in Shakespeare

Consider the blood betwixt homo societal and homoerotic in William Shakespe bes The Merchant of Venice and A Twelfth Night. To talk of an Individual in this work forceses as being or non being a homosexual is an anachronism and ruinously delusory (Bray, 1982, pg. 16) Before a solid argument disregard commence the reader has to first distinguish a number of key points of view, and to a greater extent over empathise them. The problem with such(prenominal) arguments is of course the hurdle in the midst of contemporary opinions and conversion beliefs. The majority of modern reader/interviews cod an understanding of homo sexual activity, or it in more or less way has been visible to them.This leads to the problem of a modern consultation as warmheartednessing a character is a homosexual based on modern presumptions. However what would be regarded as gay in straight offs society may not have during the renaissance. Another issue that mustiness be increase when considering th is hear is the difference between homosocial and homoerotic. Homosocial is restored by a dealingship of a non-sexual or ro populacetic nature between two or more members of the very(prenominal) sex. Homoerotic is defined as sexual attraction between members of the same-sex. there for it is imperative the reader stay objective lensive when considering the notions of homosocial and homoerotic behaviour. The reader must overly try to remember the con textual matterual factors in which it was written and the audience/readers estimations. The first relationship this essay go out focus on is the 1 between Antonio and Bassanio from William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice. These two share a very strong companionship, so much so that Antonio offers to lend Bassanio a very voluminous sum of gold. Antonio being a wealthy merchant that does not have the cash upfront as it is tied up in his merc accomplishise off shore.He thus decides to go to a Jewish money lender c whollyed Shy lock and offers his property as guarantee for the loan. Shylock has been spurned by the Venetian citizens on numerous occasions and quite frequently retells these cruelties. As a result instead of the property he decides he would rather have a pound of flesh from Antonio. Shylock -In such a place, such sum or sums as are/Expressd in the condition, let the forfeit/Be nominal for an equal pound/Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken/In what part of your bole pleaseth me. ( cause 1, scene 3) Antonio Content, i faith Ill seal to such a wedge/And say there is much good- get out in the Jew (Act 1, scene 3) In this ex swop between Antonio and Shylock, we are exposed to the great lengths in which Antonio will go to make his friend and confidant Bassanio happy. He is willing to offer his smell as insurance. This speaks magnitudes for the spot these two share, and if you take the image of the flesh it could be said that the friends fates are now tied to one flesh. Then the man (Ad am) said, This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh. (Genesis 223-25) To consider this image as a representation of marriage, this steers the reader/audience to believe that Antonio possibly dearests Bassanio more than a friend. It could be implied that there is a romantic connection between the pair and thus that their relationship is homoerotic rather than homosocial.This is especially reinforced by the earlier scenes of the play where Antonio is displayed as a largely melancholic character. Antonio knows bassanio is in want of a wife his depression could perhaps be originated from jealousy. On the other hand it could be argued that Antonio is just upset, because he is now going to be spending less eon with Bassanio. One of the main problems with trying to define the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio, is how frequently their relationship has switches betwee n homoerotic and homosocial undertones.Generally it depends on how the reader takes their exchanges, for example Antonios melancholy at the beginning of the play could be attri thoed to his jealousy of Bassanios want for a wife, or it could be his worry about the friendship in which the two share. Antonio And such want-wit sombreness makes of me, / that I have much ado to know myself. The problem would appear judging by Antonios description of his sadness that, he is worried about himself. Both Antonio and Bassanio share very close relationships in which two men have grown together their characters are defined by each other.Bassanio visualizems to have matured to a point where his life needs more than companionship and wishes to get married Antonio on the other hand is not ready for this change and as result has to do some soul searching. It is Antonios discourage at this rather than a romantic connection which causes the assumption that their relationship is homosocial rather than homoerotic. When Antonio offers to give loan shark a pound of flesh if he defaults on his loan Antonio expects to have the money rather good so its a rather empty gesture suggesting a homosocial relationship.However when he does default on the loan Antonio professes to Bassanio. Antonio Say how I loved you, speak me fair in death / And when the tale is told, sport her be judge /Whether Bassanio had not once a love Antonio is still willing to sacrifice his life for Bassanio and once again professes his love for his friend again suggesting a romantic relationship. The language which Antonio and Bassanio use when lecture to or describing each other for a modern audience coxes them to believe them as being homosexual.However the cultural differences between contemporary audiences and renaissance audiences allow for a different interpretation. Bassanio To you, Antonio, /I owe the most, in money and in love, / And from your love I have a warranty/To unburden all my plots and purposes (Act1, scene1) For a modern audience if a man says to another man he loves him or talks of the love they share, it would be a safe assumption to label them homosexual or at to the lowest degree expect some type of romantic connection. However if you substitute love from this extract for friendship it reads more or less the same and makes perfect sense.This is a difference in language, in Shakespeares time love would be used to describe friendship on a regular basis. The relations between men during the 16th century were very different from they are today, for example it would not thought queer if two men were to spend large amounts of time together or even share the same bed. In general name it would be very difficult to discern a homosexual relationship from companionship during Shakespeares time. The reintroduction of the sodomy act in 1565 meant sodomy was now a capital iniquity and allone caught being homosexual was punishable by death.Homosexuality its self was n ot even invented or at least the term was not so sodomy was used to describe this act. Interestingly enough there are no occasions where a person has been arrested or hung for sodomy alone. It would seem that same sex relations were generally frowned upon but normally ignored. It seems it only became an issue when it threatened social order, the passive male would also be prosecuted more harshly than aggressive male which was perceived by the authorities as a surrendering of his natural masculine role in favour of a subordinate feminine one.As mentioned above during the renaissance period there was a large emphasis on the relationships between men. The thought that a man could find an equal, not in his wife but in a male friend and that bond be stronger than the one capable between men and women. This is true of Shakespeares plays also he uses sexuality to define his characters. The platter of sexual ambiguity in Twelfth night we are introduced to homosocial relationships as well a s homoerotic and bisexual tangents.The relationship between Antonio and Sebastian is very suspect. The first we see of Antonio and Sebastian is in Act 2 scene 1 where Sebastian is wanting to leave for Count Orsinos court in Illyria but Antonio has enemies there. Despite the dangers to Antonio he seems adamant to accompany Sebastian, however Sebastian states on more than one occasion he wishes for Antonio to stay. Antonio Will you stay no longer? nor will you not that I go with you? Sebastian By your patience, no.My stars hang darkly over/me the malignancy of my fate might perhaps /distemper yours therefore I shall implore of you your /leave that I may bear my evils alone it were a bad /recompense for your love, to lay any of them on you. Antonio Let me yet know of you whither you are bound. (Act 2, Scene 1) As mentioned before love is often used within Shakespeares language as a substitute for friendship. However the exchanges between Sebastian and Antonio go by signify so mething different, Antonios desperation to accompany his friend leads the reader and audience to assume there is a romantic connection.The fear of danger is outweighed by Antonios love for Sebastian and thus he decides to travel to Illyria. The oddity between the two men is clearly evident and is spelt out in laymens terms when by and by in the same scene Antonio says Antonio If you will not murder me for my love, let me be your retainer But come what may, I do adore thee so/That danger shall seem sport, and I will go (Act 2, Scene1) Antonio here also admits his love, sexual desire and submissiveness to Sebastian.Joseph Pequigney describes Antonios sexuality in his book such is My do A Study of Shakespeare sonnets as The reason for Antonios portrayal as homosexual is that a liaison with him opens space for Sebastian in the diverse bisexual fictions that make up the Twelfth Night (Pequigney, 1985, pg 203) Antonio has clear homoerotic feelings for Sebastian and paints a very clear image of his sexual urges. Compared to Antonio from The Merchant of Venice, whose desire was born from friendship and homosocial. Shakespeare seems to have stepped up on the sexual commentary and made it far more obvious.The progression of Sebastian and Antonios love is finalised in act 3 scene 3, the audience sees Antonio make several comments regarding his desire for his lover. His love is best displayed by his speech to Sebastian Antonio My desire, / More sharp than filed steel, did spur me forth, / And not all love to see you / But jealousy what might befall your travel (Act 3, scene3) His passion, desire and lust for Sebastian again clearly visible, later in the scene a discussion of sleeping arrangements leads to a very brave piece of lay out writing where Shakespeare clearly refers to the Antonio and Sebastian having sex.Antonio There shall you have me, (Act 3, scene3) Very plain and provocative and suggestive writing by Shakespeare, Pequigney as mentioned above declares t hat Antonio is depicted as quite openly flamboyant homosexual is so Sebastian can part take in the bisexual theme of the play While he carcass heterosexually virginal, he is unlike the virgins Viola and Olivia or Orsino in that he entertains homosexual impulses that are fully conscious and indulged.Antonio awakens those impulses, initiates him into social sexuality, and perhaps thereby prepares him to receive the sudden, surprising advances of the Illyrian lady (Pequigney, 209-10). Pequigneys opinions identify the relationship between Antonio and Sebastian as clearly homoerotic and indeed homosexual/bisexual. Shakespeare leaves little room for speculation regarding this pair of lovers/friends the nature of their relationship would be clear to an audience of the renaissance and to a contemporary audience. The bisexual subplot in A twelfth Night is continued by the relationship between Orsino and Cesario (Viola).Orsino and Cesario share a similar relationship to Antonio and Sebasti an however there are a number of major differences. Cesario is of course a woman disguised as a man. During the exchanges between them we see Orsino refer to Cesario as a man but then lay these with images of a pretrachal sonnet referring to Viola/Cesarios beauty, soft voice and femininity. So essentially the relationship between them both is homoerotic. As there is a clear sexual attraction to each other. To a modern audience who has knowledge of psychology and a broader understanding f gay society will understand Sigmund Freuds opinion on sexuality which I feel helps explain the attraction between Orsino and Cesario. A large proportion of homosexuals retain the mental quality of masculinityand that what they look for in their real sexual object are in fact feminine mental traits. (Freud, 1905) While Freuds view helps us understand Orsinos attraction to Cesario it is still difficult for an audience/reader to catalogue which sexuality Orsino belongs. Essentially the text suggests he is bi curious, Orsino in love with Cesario suggests a homosocial relationship perhaps with erotic undertones.However his love remains unconsummated until viola revels herself as a woman and thus their marriage is possible. However Penquigney states The love for Cesario could not have changed instantaneously with the revelation of his femaleness if it is erotic then it would have been erotic before what does change is that marriage suddenly becomes possible, and hence the immediate proposal (Pequigney, 207). If in agreement with Pequigney it would suggest that the relationship between Cesario/Viola and Orsino has always been homoerotic it was only the constraints of society that prohibited Orsino from the actual act of love.For a Shakespearean audience this must have been a difficult sub-plot to follow as of course women were not permitted to act. There for those audiences would be watching a small boy/young man, play a woman, which was disguised as a man. So their reactions to t he performances of A Twelfth Night would be different for modern audiences. In terminal Shakespeare manages to create a multitude of relationships within the plays The Merchant of Venice and A Twelfth Night. He crosses the lines between homosocial and homoerotic on a number of occasions.The juxtaposition of quite blatant homoerotic with seemingly homosocial relations continue the audience in a state of uncertainty where by sexuality, love and friendship are clouded. The differences that wind between a modern or renaissance audiences/ readers result in a modern audience being quicker to judge the relationships as homoerotic. By keeping your mind free of modern social conventions we can gain a better understanding of the world of sexuality that Shakespeare was trying to convey.Bibliography The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare the Cambridge university impression press published 1953 The Shakespearian Stage 1574-1642 3rd edition Andrew Gurr Twelfth Night the Macmillan Shakespea re 1972 Such Is My Love A Study of Shakespeare*s Sonnets. By Joseph. Pequigney. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1985 The sexual aberrations S Freud The Material erratic A Lesbigay Cultural Studies , 1996 West view Press The New International Version The Holy intelligence Homoerotic space the poetics of loss in Renaissance literature By Stephen Guy-Bray 1982 University of Toronto press http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sodomy http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history